What are spores?

• A. A type of medicine
• B. Microorganisms that can survive adverse conditions
• C. Instruments for cutting
• D. Preventive measures against infections

Answer: (B)

Spores are a form of reproductive strategy used by certain microorganisms, particularly fungi and bacteria, to ensure survival in unfavorable conditions. These structures are highly resilient, allowing the organisms to withstand extreme environmental stresses such as heat, desiccation, and nutrient deprivation. When conditions improve, spores can germinate back into active organisms, enabling them to grow and reproduce again. This unique ability to endure harsh conditions is crucial for the survival and spread of these microorganisms in various environments.

The other options are not relevant to the definition of spores. For example, while some instruments are used to cut biological materials, they do not relate to the biological processes or structures of spores. Similarly, medicine and preventive measures against infections do not capture the specific function and nature of spores in the biological context.