Which of the following best defines the term "sterilization"?

• A. The reduction of microbial load on surfaces
• B. The complete elimination of all viable organisms
• C. The process of cleaning surgical instruments
• D. The application of disinfectants to prevent infection

Answer: (B)

The term "sterilization" is best defined as the complete elimination of all viable organisms. This encompasses not only bacteria but also viruses, fungi, and spores, ensuring that the item or surface is free from any living microorganisms. Sterilization is critical in surgical settings to prevent infections and ensure patient safety.

Methods for achieving sterilization may include techniques such as autoclaving, where steam under pressure kills organisms, or the use of chemical agents that can effectively destroy all forms of life.

In contrast, the other choices represent different processes related to infection control but do not achieve the same level of effectiveness as sterilization. For example, the reduction of microbial load on surfaces refers to cleaning or disinfection, while the process of cleaning surgical instruments pertains to the removal of dirt and organic material without necessarily eliminating all microorganisms. The application of disinfectants is also important for managing infection risk, but it does not ensure the total elimination of all viable organisms as sterilization does.